Comparative histological and clinical study of two inhalar anaesthetics

Sevoflurane [Fluromethyl 1,1,1,3,3,3, Hexafluoro isopropyl ether] is one of the newly introduced inhalational Anaesthesia. It is considered as a rapid acting and potent inhalation anaesthetic agent. It is metabolized in the body into non-toxic substances. It also has a rapid uptake and elimination rate due to its low blood gas partition coefficient, which approaches that of nitrous oxide. Interest in sevoflurane has increased with the recent emphasis for out patient surgery because it has a mild ethereal odor and low solubility in blood; lipid; and tissues. So, it is suggested as being anaesthetic of the future. This study is designed to illustrate the histological and the clinical effects of sevoflurane in comparison with isoflurane as a common inhalational anaesthetic agent, regarding the haemodynamic, hepatic and renal effects. The clinical study included 80 adult persons of both sexes, during surgical operations. The patients were divided into 2 groups, 40 persons each. Group I: received sevoflurane and group II: received isoflurane. Routine examinations; investigations; Liver and renal function tests were done just before induction and after 2 hours; 4 hours; 24 hours and 7 days of recovery. The experimental study was done on 90 rats of both sexes. They were divided into 3 groups: 30 rats each. Group [A]: control group, group [B]: Anaesthetized with sevoflurane and group [C]: Anaesthetized with isoflurane. Each group was subdivided into 2 subgroups, 15 rats. The 1st subgroup was sacrificed after 24 hours of exposure. The 2nd subgroup was sacrificed after 7 days from the start of exposure. The rats were sacrificed and their blood was investigated. Liver and kidney structure were evaluated histologically and histochemically. Our results revealed that, sevoflurane and isoflurane had non-significant post-operative clinical manifestations and non-significant changes on the liver or kidney function tests. Histological examination of liver revealed normal hepatocytes and mild congestion in blood sinusoids and central veins in sevoflurane group. While, liver sections in isoflurane group showed more congestion, dilatation and cellular infiltration. . Histological examination of the kidney revealed no changes in the sevoflurane group. In contrast, isoflurane group had congestion and cellular infiltration of renal parenchyma. All changes almost completely disappeared after seven days of recovery. Histochemical results revealed significant decrease in PAS positive material and succinic dehydrogenase enzyme activity in hepatocytes and renal tubules, mainly in isoflurane than sevoflurane groups. While, acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes activity showed non-significant decrease in both drugs. All changes were non-significant after seven days of recovery. This study proved that the sevoflurane had no harmful effect and can be considered as a safe inhalational drug

Striae distensae: histological and electron microscopic study

The present work was undertaken to study the histological and ultrastructural changes in the early stage of striae distensae which could be a guide to its pathogenesis. Fourteen skin specimens were taken from early erythematous stage of striae in ten females and healthy skin from four age matched females. Edema increased glycosaminoglycans in the ground substance, inflammatory infiltrate, very sparce fragmented and degenerated elastic fibers and ruptured collagen fibers were seen. The infiltrate was lymphohistiocytic with increased number of degranulated mast cells. Active fibroblasts were also seen. It can be concluded that mast cell degranulation could play a critical role in the elastolysis of early stage of striae distensae and that the elastic fiber is the primary target of the pathological process. Active fibroblasts begin to synthesize new fibers which became dense with time

Effect of xylene on the skin of albino rats

To evaluate the effect of xylene on the skin, 30 albino rats were selected and divided into three groups, ten animals each. Group B showed loss of hair, degeneration of horny layer and erosions in their limbs. The epidermal cells showed vacuolated hypochronic cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Areas of congestion, cellular infiltration, destructed hair follicles and spongiosis were observed in the dermis. Group C showed signs of recovery and healing within 14 days of cessation of exposure. These data proved that xylene was irritant to the skin and can cause contact dermatitis which should be avoided by suitable protection methods when using xylene

Effect of xylene on the lung and other parenchvinatous organs in albino rats

Forty adult albino rats were divided into four groups, each included ten animals: Group A served as a control, group B exposed to xylene vapors, group C was treated as group B but was housed in poorly ventilated cages and group D was treated as group B but left to recover for another two weeks, then decapitated. Group B showed signs of inflammation and cellular infiltration, especially in the lung which showed areas of hemorrhage and degeneration. The kidney and the heart showed areas of hemorrhage and scanty infiltration, while the liver did not show any morphological disorder. PAS technique showed a significant decrease in the mucopolysaccharides in the liver cells. These findings showed the various hazards of xylene. An occupational protection was highly recommended either by using safer alternatives or various barriers

Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of human papilloma virus infected skin

Skin specimens from twenty cases of different types of non-venereal warts [common, planter, and filiform warts] and 5 cases of venereal warts were included in this study. In addition eleven specimens of normal individuals were included as control [6 specimens from exposed sites and 5 from unexposed sites. All the patients and controls were clinically examined. The specimens. were prepared for conventional histopathological and immunohistochemical procedures for detection of HLA-DR expression by using Histostain Kit [Zymed Laboratories Inc.]. Our results revealed a highly significant decrease of HLA-DR positive Langerhans' cells [LCs] in cases of non venereal warts when compared to the control specimens obtained from exposed sites [P < 0.001]. Biopsies of venereal warts showed significant increase of HLA-DR positive LCs in comparison to non venereal warts [P < 0.001] but, showed significant decrease in comparison to the control biopsies from non-exposed sites [P < 0.001]. Keratinocytes showed negative reaction to HLA-DR in the control groups, while in non-venereal warts they showed positivity in 10 out of 20 cases [50%] and in the venereal warts they showed positivity in 4 out of 5 cases [80%]. Dermal dendrocytes showed increased reactivity to HLA-DR in both wart groups in comparison to the controls. The endothelial cells of the blood vessels were negative for HLA-DR. Study of the inflammatory components in the lesions revealed infrequent HLA-DR positive lymphocytes intermixed with strongly positive macrophages in both wart groups. In conclusion, human papilioma virus infection of the skin is associated with decrease in the number of HLA-DR positive LCs while keratinocytes and macrophages abnormally showed positive expression. Decline in HLA-DR positive LCs probably reflects LCs migration out of the epidermis and entry into regional lymph nodes leading to antigen presentation and activation of T cells. Interestingly cytoplasmic pigmentation [melanosomes] was undetectable or absent in the basal cell layer at the sites of endophytic wart growth. Human papilloma virus probably blocks the transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to infected keratinocytes

Effect of the cause of death on early estimation of P.M. interval measured from the response of skeletal muscle to electric stimulation with histochemical changes occurring in these muscles after death

The present study was carried out on 18 cats classified into 2 groups according to the mode of death. The 1st group was submitted to asphyxial death, while the 2nd group was submitted to cut throat [the target was the neck vessels to cause fatal hemorrhage]. In both groups, the effect of the cause of death on estimation of early P. M. interval was measured from the response of skeletal muscle to electric simulation and the changes of ATPase enzyme in the tested muscle. From the obtained results, it was found that in asphyxia death, the mean total time of early P. M. interval was 34.7 minutes; while in cut throat, it was 117.1 minutes. In both methods, there was significant gradual decrease in the amplitude of contraction accompanied with gradual decrease in the activity of ATPase enzyme. Thus, it could be concluded that the mentioned causes of death affect the measurement of early P. M. interval. Also, there is arelationship between the amplitude of muscle contraction and the activity ofATPasa enzyme of the tested muscle

Electron microscopic study of full-term and post-term human placenta

Studies on 20 placentae; 5 placentae after normal pregnancy and delivery; and 15 placentae after normal pregnancy and post-term delivery [after 42 weeks] have been carried out. Electron microscopic sections have been prepared for ultrastructure study of placental tissue. Histological study of post-term placental tissue showed dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum [rER], swollen mitochondria, calcium deposition and decrease in cell membrane microvilli. Collagen deposition increased in chorion and thickening of the wall of blood vessels was observed. The reticular layer was disrupted. We conclude that the microscopic changes in the post-term placenta can produce placental insufficiency in post-term .foetus due to decrease in the capacity of trophoblast cells to exchange the maternal blood and foetal blood